![]() ![]() The revised Macbeth opened one year before the third war of independence. ![]() He was already famous when his first Macbeth appeared (one year before Italy's first war of independence). This ended in a single independent state under King Victor Emmanuel. ![]() The great Austrian diplomat Metternich called Italy "nothing more than a geographic expression." But starting around 1815 (when Verdi was two years old) Italy experienced the Risorgimento - it's great struggle for independence and unification. In that eighteen years Italy had became a nation.įor hundreds of years Italy had been merely an assortment of city-states, duchies, dogeries, Papal States and areas ruled by foreign "great powers" - from Norman and Spanish kings in the south to, more recently, the Habsburg Austrian Empire and Napoleonic France. After eighteen years he revised it - the new version opening in 1865. Verdi first addressed Shakespeare's "Scottish play" with an opera that premiered in 1847. It is true to the original play in most details of plot and character, yet it differs in significant ways - ways that express the different political worlds from which the two works sprang. Verdi's opera is every bit as dark and bloody as Shakespeare's drama on which it was based. ![]()
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